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[15 Oct 2009|12:07pm] |
learning module 1 - 8
chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10 and pp.72-77, 140-143 of txt
discussions, assignments.
learning module 1 / chapter 1
what is sociology? - the study and classification of human societies. individual choice is never entirely free but is always determined to some extent by the environment. sociology was studied in order to help better knowledge themselves on why events occur in the first place from a larger scale perspective.
sociological imagination - coined by sociologist C. Wright Mills, it is the process that links individual experience with social institutions and ones place in history. Its the ability to connect your life to impersonal and remote historical forces.
social conditions - realities of our lives we create together as human biengs.
micro/macro sociology
micro - behavior of individuals with his or her immediate others
macro- behavior of individuals with people who are not so close; large scale.
interactionism - George Herbert Mead is considered the leader of interactionism. it is the sociological perspective that views social order and social change as resulting from all the immense variety of repeated interactions among everyone.
functionalism - wonders how society manages to carryo ut the functions it must perform in order to maintain social order.
conflict perspective - aka "Marxian Theory." based upon the rise of capitalism was the cause of conflict in modern times. Under capitalism, forms of exploitation and domination spread. Marx argued that the division of people in society into different classes produces conflict. Class conflict would destroy or modify capitalism.
power - the ability of an individual or group to change the behavior of others.
personal troubles vs. social problems
personal troubles are on a micro scale whereas social problems are on a macro scale.
pioneers of sociology:
karl marx, emile durkheim, and max weber.
karl marx: karl marx made a powerful theory to explain the transformations of his world around him. transformations would inevitably end up in a revolution which the workers would overthrow capitalism.
emile durkheim: founder of scientific sociology. durkheim and his colleagues published many journals in applications of statistics to social issues.
max weber: weber compared many different societies to show how new forms of government and administration were .
learning module 2 / chapter 2
RESEARCH PROCESS
1) Deciding on the problem
2) Reviewing the literature
3) Formulating research questions.
4) Selecting a method
5) Analyzing the data
• Qualitative research involves analysis of data such as words (e.g., from interviews), pictures (e.g., video), or objects (e.g., an artifact).
• Quantitative research involves analysis of numerical data.
hypothesis: A statement that expresses an educated guess regarding the possible relationship between two or more phenomena.
surveys - research in which a sample of respondents drawn from a specific population respond to questions either in a interview or questionaire.
focus groups - what groups you are focusing on studying about.
data being analyzed - read the title carefully. check the source of information. read the data.
independant variable - a factor that the researcher believes causes changes in the dependent variable. it is indepedent of the variable we are trying to explain.
dependant variable - the variable that were trying to explain.
participant observation - sociological research requires direct observation of the people being studied. the sociologist needs to become their friend and a member of their social group. the sociologist needs to be an objective observer and a participant. (ex: joining a gang to study them)
controlled experiment - an experimental situation in which the researcher manipulates an indepedent variable in order to observe and measure changes in the dependant variable.
sample - a set of respondents selected from a specific population.
closed/open questions - closed questions require respndents to select from a set of answers whereas open questions allow them to write whatever comes to their mind.
learning module 3 / chapter 3
culture is all the modes of thought, behavior, and production that are handed down from one generation to the nxt by means of communicative interaction-language, gestures, writing, building, etc rather than by genetic transmission.
language and culture have a lot to do with one another. your language not only tells you about your history, but because of having a language your family is able to speak about your history and reinforce your culture.
culture changes/reinforced by groups. there are bound to be controversies over family values... if someone is raised to be anti gay marriage, they want to raise their children the same way. howoever if the child has a gay friend in their culture, then the child may feel as though gayi s okay.
ideas - ways of thinking that organize human conciousness
norms - accepted ways of doing or carrying out ideas
material culture - patterns of posessing and using the products of culture.
ideologies- comprise two dimensions of culture. they are sets of systems of ideas and norms. ideologies combine the values and norms that all the members of society are expected to believe in and act upon.
ethnocentrism - the view where you believe your culture is the best.
santions - punishments for violating norms are known as sanctions.
social darwinism - sociologists should not engage in efforsts to reform society - to do so would be futile and it would have the damaging effect of violating the principle of survival of the fittest.
sociobiology - refers to efforts to link genetic factors with the social behavior of animals.
hegemony - dominance or undue power or influence over another culture.
acculturation - people from one civilization incorporate norms and values from other cultures into their own culture.
learning module 4 / chapter 5
agents of socialization
primary socialization - all the ways in which the newborn is molded into a social being. occurs within the family and other intimate groups in the childs life.
secondary socialization- occurs in later childhood and adolescence when the child enters school and comes under the influence of adults and peers outside the immediate family.
adult socialization- 3rd stage. when the person learns the norms associated with new statuses such as wife, husband, journalist, etc.
socialization - used to describe the ways in which people learn to conform to their societys norms values and roles.
behaviorism- Ivan Pavlov first thought of behaviorism. such as behaviors can be conditioned to be a certain way. behaviorists saw the individual as a blank slate that could be written upon through socialization.
role taking - the way we try to look at social situations from the standpoint of another person from whom we seak a response.
resocialization- indiivudals undergo intense deliberate socialization designed to change major beleifs and behaviors.
gender socialization - refers to the ways in which we become the girls and boys and which behavior we are allowed to act as a male or female.
chapt 6 / learnng module 5
bureaucracy - a formal organization characterized by a clearly defined hierachy with a commitment to rules, efficiency and impersonality.
ethnomethodology - the studying of the underlying rules of behavior that guide group interaction.
reference group - a group that an individual uses as a frame of reference for self evauluation.
common types of human groups:
primary, secondary.
module 8 social stratification
social stratification is societys system for ranking people hierarchically according to various attributes such as wealth, power, and prestige.
- what are life chances?. life chances are the opportunities an individual will have or be denied throughout life as a result of his or her social status.
-what is class conciousness? class consciousness is a groups shared subjective awareness of its objective situation as a class.
theories of stratification
-conflict view by Marx. theres the elite and social layering.
-functionalist by talcott parsons. holds that social classes emerge because an enqual distribution of rewards is essential in complex socieites.
-interactionist perspective. believe that symbols suhc as bmw say who you are.
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[23 May 2009|01:09pm] |
coogi
commander salamander
up against the wall
(georgetown)
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[02 May 2008|11:25pm] |
hey, hello, hi.
friends only.
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